A spinal disc herniation occurs when the inner portion of an intervertebral disc protrudes through its outer layer. It can develop in the cervical (neck), thoracic (mid-back), or lumbar (lower back) spine. Symptoms depend on the level involved and commonly include pain radiating to the arms or legs, though some patients may not experience neck or back pain.
Radiating arm or leg pain (sciatica), numbness, tingling, muscle weakness, and in severe cases, bowel or bladder disturbances due to nerve compression.
Diagnosis involves detailed medical history and physical examination. Imaging tests such as X-rays assess alignment and stability, while MRI is the gold standard to evaluate disc and nerve involvement. A Nerve Conduction Study (NCS) may be performed to assess nerve damage.
