Hydrocephalus is a condition in which there is an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain. CSF is a clear fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. When its flow, absorption, or production is disturbed, fluid builds up and increases pressure inside the brain, which can damage delicate brain tissue if not treated in time.
Hydrocephalus can occur due to:
Obstruction in the normal flow of CSF within the brain or spinal cord
Reduced absorption of CSF into the bloodstream
Excess production of CSF beyond the body’s ability to absorb it
It may be seen in:
Congenital cases (present at birth due to developmental malformations)
Infections (bacterial, viral, fungal — tuberculosis is a common cause in India)
Brain tumors
Intracranial bleeding
Head injury (post-traumatic)
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH) in elderly individuals
Diagnosis begins with a detailed physical and neurological examination, followed by imaging tests such as a CT scan of the head.
Treatment focuses on managing the underlying cause whenever possible. If fluid buildup persists, a CSF diversion procedure is required to relieve pressure on the brain.
Ventriculo-Peritoneal (VP) Shunt
Ventriculo-Pleural or Ventriculo-Atrial Shunt
Endoscopic Procedures (such as Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy)
Timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment can significantly improve outcomes and prevent long-term complications.
